TNTEU · B.Ed · BD1TL · Visual Summary
The whole paper at a glance — the theories, the stages, the taxonomy and the teaching cycle as pictures. Learn the families, the thinkers, and the key numbers.
Three Families of Learning Theory who said what
Every theory sorts into one of three schools — plus Constructivism, which grows out of the cognitive family. Match each thinker to the right column.
BehaviouralLearning = change in observable behaviour via stimulus–response & reinforcement
UCS→UCR; a neutral stimulus becomes CS→CR (dog & bell). Acquisition, extinction, generalisation, discrimination.
Cat in a puzzle box; S–R bond. Laws of Readiness, Exercise, Effect.
Behaviour shaped by consequences; reinforcement strengthens, punishment weakens; Skinner box; programmed learning.
CognitiveLearning = an internal mental process
Apes; learning by suddenly perceiving relationships — the whole is more than the sum of parts.
Schema; assimilation, accommodation, equilibration; four stages of development.
Enactive, iconic, symbolic modes; spiral curriculum.
Advance organisers; relate new knowledge to existing cognitive structure.
HumanisticLearning develops the whole person & self-actualisation (affective domain)
Physiological → safety → belonging → esteem → self-actualisation.
Freedom to learn; teacher as facilitator; unconditional positive regard; the "fully functioning person".
Constructivism · learners actively construct their own knowledge
Knowledge constructed individually through assimilation & accommodation.
Knowledge built through social interaction. ZPD = gap between what a learner can do alone vs with help; scaffolding; More Knowledgeable Other; role of language & culture.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development 4 stages
Climb the ladder from birth to adolescence — each stage builds on the one below, with its own age band.
Bloom's Taxonomy — Cognitive Domain 6 levels · 1956
The original six levels, from base to peak. Revised (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, and Create at the very top.
Micro-teaching Cycle Stanford, 1963 · Allen & Ryan
A scaled-down encounter — one skill, 5–10 minutes, a small group of 5–10 pupils. The six connected steps of the cycle.
Phases of Teaching 3 phases
Every act of teaching has three phases — before, during and after the classroom encounter.
Key Numbers memorise these
The figures examiners love — the ones that turn a good answer into a full-mark answer.